A cubic yard of gravel typically weighs between 2,400 to 2,900 pounds (1,089 to 1,315 kg), depending on the type of gravel and moisture content. Crushed stone generally weighs around 2,500 pounds per cubic yard, while pea gravel is slightly lighter at approximately 2,600 pounds per cubic yard, and bank run gravel (mixed sizes) can weigh up to 2,800 pounds per cubic yard. These weights are important considerations for transportation and load-bearing calculations.

For a standard residential driveway (12 feet wide by 50 feet long with a 4-inch depth), you would need approximately 7.4 tons of gravel. This calculation assumes a gravel density of about 1.5 tons per cubic yard. For a properly constructed driveway, you should apply this in layers: first a base layer of larger stones (about 2-3 inches), then a middle layer of medium-sized gravel, and finally a top layer of finer gravel or crushed stone. For longer driveways or those requiring deeper application, the tonnage will increase proportionally.

Gravel is a general term for loose rock fragments that have been weathered or processed, typically ranging from 2mm to 64mm in size. Crushed stone is a form of gravel that has been mechanically broken into angular pieces, providing better interlocking characteristics for stability and compaction—ideal for driveways and base layers. Pebbles are naturally rounded stones, usually less than 64mm in size, that have been smoothed by water or other natural processes over time. Pea gravel is a specific type of small, rounded pebble typically 2-10mm in size. The shape of the material significantly affects its application: angular crushed stone compacts well for structural applications, while rounded pebbles and gravel are often preferred for decorative uses or drainage applications.

For irregular shaped areas, break the space into basic geometric shapes (rectangles, triangles, circles) and calculate each section separately. Measure each section carefully, calculate the volume for each (length × width × depth for rectangles, ½ × base × height × depth for triangles, π × radius² × depth for circles), and then add all volumes together. For very complex shapes, consider using the “grid method”: overlay a grid on your area, count the number of full and partial squares, and multiply by the area of one square and your desired depth. Another approach is to use the “perimeter method” where you measure the perimeter, approximate an average width, and calculate as if it were a rectangle. Always add a 10-15% waste factor for irregular areas to account for estimation errors and material settling.

The cost to install gravel per square foot ranges from $1.25 to $3.50, including materials and labor. Basic gravel installation for paths or simple landscapes starts around $1.25-$1.75 per square foot. A standard gravel driveway costs approximately $1.50-$2.50 per square foot. Premium installations with high-quality decorative gravel, proper edging, and extensive preparation work can cost $2.50-$3.50 per square foot or more. These prices vary based on your location, the type of gravel selected, depth required, site accessibility, and necessary ground preparation. Additional costs may include excavation ($150-$450), drainage improvements ($800-$3,000), landscape fabric ($0.15-$0.30 per square foot), and edging ($1-$5 per linear foot). For accurate pricing, obtain multiple quotes from local suppliers and contractors.